An illustration of local structural equation modeling for longitudinal data:Examining differences in competence development in secondary schools

In this chapter, we discuss how a combination of longitudinal modeling and local structural equation modeling (LSEM) can be used to study how students’ context influence their growth in educational achievement. LSEM is a nonparametric approach that allows for the moderation of a structural equation model over a continuous variable (e.g., socio-economic status; cultural identity; age). Thus, it does not require the categorization of continuous moderators as applied in multi-group approaches. In contrast to regression-based approaches, it does not impose a particular functional form (e.g., linear) on the mean-level differences and can spot differences in the variance-covariance structure. LSEM can be used to detect nonlinear moderation effects, to examine sources of measurement invariance violations, and to study moderation effects on all parameters in the model. We showcase how LSEM can be implemented with longitudinal of the National Educational Panel Study (NEPS) using the R-package sirt. In more detail, we examine the effect of parental education on math and reading competence in secondary school across three measurement occasions, comparing LSEM to regression based approaches and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Results provide further evidence of the strong influence of the educational background of the family. This chapter offers a new approach to study inter-individual differences in educational development.</p

Examining moderators of vocabulary acquisition from kindergarten through elementary school using local structural equation modeling

Parental socio-economic status (SES) is often found to be associated with children's language competence in the first decade of life. To examine the effect of SES on children's vocabulary development, as well as potential compensatory effects of schooling and learning-related activities, we examined the joint and unique effects of parental education, occupational status, and learning environment at home on children's receptive vocabulary competence and growth in early childhood. We used latent growth curve models to assess pre-school receptive vocabulary and growth across primary school. Analyses were based on data from the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS), a large-scale longitudinal study assessing vocabulary competence and family background from Kindergarten to the 3rd grade of elementary school. To examine the moderating effects of parental education, occupational status, and learning environment at home, we used local structural equation modeling. Results revealed a moderate to strong positive association between parental education and children's receptive vocabulary competence, which fully explained the effect of occupational status on this language skill. With the exception of the activity of reading aloud, we found no effect of learning environment at home. Initially lower performing children showed steeper growth trajectories across school, but rank-orders were relatively stable across time. In summary, the results suggest large initial differences in receptive vocabulary between children from different educational backgrounds, which are reduced, but not fully overcome across elementary school

Extended criteria and predictors in college admission: Exploring the structure of study success and investigating the validity of domain knowledge

The utility of aptitude tests and intelligence measures in the prediction of the success in college is one of the empirically best supported results in ability research. However, the structure of the criterion “study success” has not been appropriately investigated so far. Moreover, it remains unclear which aspect of intelligence – fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence – has the major impact on the prediction. In three studies we have investigated the dimensionality of the criterion achievements as well as the relative contributions of competing ability predictors. In the first study, the dimensionality of college grades was explored in a sample of 629 alumni. A measurement model with two correlated latent factors distinguishing undergraduate college grades on the one hand from graduate college grades on the other hand had the best fit to the data. In the second study, a group of 179 graduate students completed a Psychology knowledge test and provided available college grades in undergraduate studies. A model separating a general latent factor for Psychology knowledge from a nested method factor for college grades, and a second nested factor for “experimental orientation” had the best fit to the data. In the third study the predictive power of domain specific knowledge tests in Mathematics, English, and Biology was investigated. A sample of 387 undergraduate students in this prospective study additionally completed a compilation of fluid intelligence tests. The results of this study indicate as expected that: a) ability measures are incrementally predictive over school grades in predicting exam grades; and b) that knowledge tests from relevant domains were incrementally predictive over fluid intelligence. The results of these studies suggest that criteria for college admission tests deserve and warrant more attention, and that domain specific ability indicators can contribute to the predictive validity of established admission tests

Mapping established psychopathology scales onto the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) organizes phenotypes of mental disorder based on empirical covariation, offering a comprehensive organizational framework from narrow symptoms to broader patterns of psychopathology. We argue that established self-report measures of psychopathology from the pre-HiTOP era should be systematically integrated into HiTOP to foster cumulative research and further the understanding of psychopathology structure. Hence, in this study, we mapped 92 established psychopathology (sub)scales onto the current HiTOP working model using data from an extensive battery of self-report assessments that was completed by community participants and outpatients (N = 909). Content validity ratings of the item pool were used to select indicators for a bifactor-(S-1) model of the p factor and five HiTOP spectra (i.e., internalizing, thought disorder, detachment, disinhibited externalizing, and antagonistic externalizing). The content-based HiTOP scales were validated against personality disorder diagnoses as assessed by standardized interviews. We then located established scales within the taxonomy by estimating the extent to which scales reflected higher-level HiTOP dimensions. The analyses shed light on the location of established psychopathology scales in HiTOP, identifying pure markers and blends of HiTOP spectra, as well as pure markers of the p factor (i.e., scales assessing mentalizing impairment and suspiciousness/epistemic mistrust)

BEFKI GC-K: eine Kurzskala zur Messung kristalliner Intelligenz

"In aktuellen Intelligenzstrukturmodellen gehört kristalline Intelligenz (gc) zu den am besten etablierten Fähigkeitsfaktoren. Dabei spiegelt gc die Einflüsse von Lernen und Akkulturation wider und umfasst somit alles Wissen, das Menschen im Laufe ihres Lebens erwerben und zum Problemlösen einsetzen. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir die Entwicklung einer Kurzskala zur Messung kristalliner Intelligenz mit fünfminütiger Bearbeitungszeit, die auf deklarativen Wissensfragen aus den Natur-, Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften beruht. Aus einem umfangreichen Itempool wurde ein 32 Fragen umfassender Wissenstest zusammengestellt und einer bundesweit repräsentativen Stichprobe von 1.134 Erwachsenen vorgelegt. Anhand psychometrischer Kennwerte und der Beziehungen zu Kovariaten erfolgte eine Auswahl von 12 Items für die Kurzskala. Ein eindimensionales Messmodell für diese Itemauswahl wies eine gute Passung und eine hohe Reliabilität des latenten Faktors auf. In der Zielpopulation der erwachsenen deutschen Bevölkerung wurden keine substanziellen Boden- oder Deckeneffekte beobachtet. Übereinstimmend mit der Langversion zeigten sich für die Kurzskala hohe Beziehungen zum Bildungsabschluss (ISCED-97) und sozioökonomischen Status (ISEI) sowie erwartungskonforme Korrelationen mit selbstberichtetem Wissen und den fünf Hauptdimensionen der Persönlichkeit (Big Five). Die Kurzskala ermöglicht folglich eine effiziente, reliable und valide Erfassung kristalliner Intelligenz im Rahmen der Umfrageforschung." (Autorenreferat)"Crystallized intelligence (gc) is a well-established cognitive ability factor that has been conceptualized as reflecting influences of learning, education, and acculturation. In this article, we describe the development of a short knowledge scale for the meas¬urement of gc in five minutes administration time using declarative knowledge items from the sciences, the humanities, and civics. Based on a large item pool we compiled a 32-item knowledge test that was subsequently presented to a nationally representative sample of 1,134 German adults. In the next step, this data were used to derive a short 12-item knowledge scale. A unidimensional measurement model had satisfactory model fit and showed high reliability of the latent factor. There were no substantial floor or ceiling effects in the adult German population. Similar to the full scale, the short scale correlated highly positively with education (ISCED-97) and socio-economic status (ISEI) and was meaningfully related to self-reported knowledge and the Big Five personality traits. Therefore, the short knowledge scale allows for an efficient and valid measurement of crystallized intelligence in survey research." (author's abstract

Validation and generalizability of machine learning prediction models on attrition in longitudinal studies

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Equivalence of Reading and Listening Comprehension Across Test Media

Nationallizen

Cognitive Abilities Explain Wording Effects in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

Nationallizen

Socio-economic, cultural, social, and cognitive aspects of family background and the biology competency of ninth-graders in Germany

Students’ academic achievement is related to different family background factors such as socio-economic, cultural, social, and cognitive factors. Research on family background has mainly focused on socio-economic factors, often neglecting the significance of providing a cognitively activating home environment. As a supplement to a largescale study assessing the competency of ninth-graders in Biology in Germany, 543 parents provided information on their socio-economic, cultural, and social background and worked on a domain-specific competency test. By means of hierarchical regression analyses, we established the separate and combined effects of the different background variables on students’ performance. Including all predictors simultaneously in a prediction model, only two — the number of books in home (β=.11) and the biology competency of parents (β = .26) — significantly predicted differences in their children’s competency in biology. Based on the results, we advocate a more comprehensive assessment of family background

The Structure of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20): A Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis

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